TY  - JOUR
T1  - Is groundwater recharge always serving us well? Water supply provisioning, crop production, and flood attenuation in conflict in Wisconsin, USA
JF  - Ecosystem Services
Y1  - 2016
A1  - Booth, Eric G.
A1  - Zipper, Samuel C.
A1  - Loheide II, Steven P.
A1  - Kucharik, Christopher J.
KW  - Crop production
KW  - Flooding
KW  - Groundwater
KW  - Hydrologic services
KW  - Recharge
KW  - Water supply
AB  - Ecosystem service mapping can provide an avenue for making effective land management decisions in a holistic way. However, mapped quantities do not always appropriately represent the ecosystem services that are used by humans. We highlight this issue with a case study of groundwater recharge, water supply, flooding, and agricultural production in an urbanizing agricultural watershed in southern Wisconsin, USA. Groundwater recharge is typically treated as a beneficial ecosystem service or service indicator whose value to humans monotonically increases with the amount of recharge. While appropriate from a water supply perspective, this relationship breaks down when excess groundwater recharge leads to flooding and crop damage. We suggest moving beyond groundwater recharge as a stand-alone ecosystem service, and instead propose that observations and biophysical models should be used to quantify the final service humans receive from groundwater (e.g. reliability of water supply from a municipal well). Integration of such derived, point-based metrics with other ecosystem services that are more easily represented at the landscape scale remains a challenge for regional ecosystem service inventories and analyses.
VL  - 21, Part A
SN  - 2212-0416
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041616302315
JO  - Ecosystem Services
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A global synthesis of the effects of biological invasions on greenhouse gas emissions
JF  - Global Ecology and Biogeography
Y1  - 2015
A1  - Qiu, Jiangxiao
KW  - Alien species
KW  - carbon sequestration
KW  - climate condition
KW  - ecosystem service
KW  - GHG
KW  - global change
KW  - global warming potential
KW  - invasion ecology
KW  - meta-analysis
KW  - non-native species
AB  - Evidence is mounting that biological invasions profoundly alter the capacity of ecosystems to regulate or mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions – a crucial ecosystem service in a changing climate. However, the growing literature has revealed different, even contradictory results and the general pattern over large spatial scales remains obscure. This study synthesizes the effects of invasions by different alien taxa on major GHG emissions.LocationGlobal.MethodsA structured meta-analysis of 68 case studies was performed to determine the generality of the effects of biological invasions on emissions of three GHGs and assess the extent to which the heterogeneity of effects can be explained by recipient ecosystems, invasive taxa, functional traits, climate and methodological aspects.ResultsInvasive alien species increased N2O emissions but promoted carbon sequestration. Effects on CH4 emissions remained inconclusive. Given the general trends, effects differed by ecosystems, with greater N2O emissions in invaded forest and higher increase in carbon stock in invaded grassland. Invasive taxa also mediated the effects of invasions: invasive plants enhanced carbon storage whereas animal invaders consistently showed negative effects. Focusing on exotic plant invasions, N-fixing species caused greater N2O emissions than non-N-fixing species, and for carbon stock, N-fixing and woody plants exerted stronger positive effects than non-N-fixing and herbaceous plants, respectively. Moreover, climatic factors explained the variation in effects of exotic plant invasions but not those of animal invasions. The effects of plant invasions on carbon content varied nonlinearly with climate, with more pronounced effects where temperature and precipitation were extremely high or low.Main conclusionsThis meta-analysis reveals the overall magnitude and direction of the effects of biological invasions on major GHG emissions, demonstrates that the effects vary substantially by GHGs, biological and environmental factors and proposes avenues for future research. These results highlight the importance of considering species traits and local and climatic conditions in assessing and managing biological invaders.
VL  - 24
SN  - 1466-8238
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12360
IS  - 11
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
T1  - General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events
JF  - Sustainability
Y1  - 2012
A1  - Carpenter, S. R.
A1  - Arrow, K. J.
A1  - Barrett, S.
A1  - Biggs, R.
A1  - Brock, W. A.
A1  - Crepin, A. S.
A1  - Engstrom, G.
A1  - Folke, C.
A1  - Hughes, T. P.
A1  - Kautsky, N.
A1  - Li, C. Z.
A1  - McCarney, G.
A1  - Meng, K.
A1  - Maler, K. G.
A1  - Polasky, S.
A1  - Scheffer, M.
A1  - Shogren, J.
A1  - Sterner, T.
A1  - Vincent, J. R.
A1  - Walker, B.
A1  - Xepapadeas, A.
A1  - de Zeeuw, A.
AB  - Resilience to specified kinds of disasters is an active area of research and practice. However, rare or unprecedented disturbances that are unusually intense or extensive require a more broad-spectrum type of resilience. General resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to adapt or transform in response to unfamiliar, unexpected and extreme shocks. Conditions that enable general resilience include diversity, modularity, openness, reserves, feedbacks, nestedness, monitoring, leadership, and trust. Processes for building general resilience are an emerging and crucially important area of research.
VL  - 4
SN  - 2071-1050
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4123248
IS  - 12
ER  -