TY - JOUR T1 - Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2019 A1 - Ziter, Carly D. A1 - Pedersen, Eric J. A1 - Kucharik, Christopher J. A1 - Turner, Monica G. KW - air temperature KW - ecosystem services KW - landscape context KW - urban forest KW - urban heat island AB - Cities worldwide are experiencing record-breaking summer air temperatures, with serious consequences for people. Increased tree cover is suggested as a climate adaptation strategy, but the amount of tree canopy cover needed to counteract higher temperatures associated with impervious surface cover is not known. We used a bicycle-mounted measurement system to quantify the interaction of canopy cover and impervious surface cover on urban air temperature. Daytime air temperature was substantially reduced with greater canopy cover (≥40%) at the scale of a typical city block (60–90 m), especially on the hottest days. However, reducing impervious surfaces remained important for lowering nighttime temperatures. Results can guide strategies for increasing tree cover to mitigate daytime urban heat and improve residents’ well-being.As cities warm and the need for climate adaptation strategies increases, a more detailed understanding of the cooling effects of land cover across a continuum of spatial scales will be necessary to guide management decisions. We asked how tree canopy cover and impervious surface cover interact to influence daytime and nighttime summer air temperature, and how effects vary with the spatial scale at which land-cover data are analyzed (10-, 30-, 60-, and 90-m radii). A bicycle-mounted measurement system was used to sample air temperature every 5 m along 10 transects (∼7 km length, sampled 3–12 times each) spanning a range of impervious and tree canopy cover (0–100%, each) in a midsized city in the Upper Midwest United States. Variability in daytime air temperature within the urban landscape averaged 3.5 °C (range, 1.1–5.7 °C). Temperature decreased nonlinearly with increasing canopy cover, with the greatest cooling when canopy cover exceeded 40%. The magnitude of daytime cooling also increased with spatial scale and was greatest at the size of a typical city block (60–90 m). Daytime air temperature increased linearly with increasing impervious cover, but the magnitude of warming was less than the cooling associated with increased canopy cover. Variation in nighttime air temperature averaged 2.1 °C (range, 1.2–3.0 °C), and temperature increased with impervious surface. Effects of canopy were limited at night; thus, reduction of impervious surfaces remains critical for reducing nighttime urban heat. Results suggest strategies for managing urban land-cover patterns to enhance resilience of cities to climate warming. UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/03/19/1817561116.abstract JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed JF - Ecosystems Y1 - 2017 A1 - Motew, Melissa A1 - Chen, Xi A1 - Booth, Eric G. A1 - Carpenter, Stephen R. A1 - Pinkas, Pavel A1 - Zipper, Samuel C. A1 - Loheide, Steven P. A1 - Donner, Simon D. A1 - Tsuruta, Kai A1 - Vadas, Peter A. A1 - Kucharik, Christopher J. AB - Decades of fertilizer and manure applications have led to a buildup of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils and sediments, commonly referred to as legacy P. Legacy P can provide a long-term source of P to surface waters where it causes eutrophication. Using a suite of numerical models, we investigated the influence of legacy P on water quality in the Yahara Watershed of southern Wisconsin, USA. The suite included Agro-IBIS, a terrestrial ecosystem model; THMB, a hydrologic and nutrient routing model; and the Yahara Water Quality Model which estimates water quality indicators in the Yahara chain of lakes. Using five alternative scenarios of antecedent P storage (legacy P) in soils and channels under historical climate conditions, we simulated outcomes of P yield from the landscape, lake P loading, and three lake water quality indicators. Legacy P had a significant effect on lake loads and water quality. Across the five scenarios for Lake Mendota, the largest and most upstream lake, average P yield (kg ha−1) varied by −41 to +22%, P load (kg y−1) by −35 to +14%, summer total P (TP) concentration (mg l−1) by −25 to +12%, Secchi depth (m) by −7 to +3%, and the probability of hypereutrophy by −67 to +34%, relative to baseline conditions. The minimum storage scenario showed that a 35% reduction in present-day loads to Lake Mendota corresponded with a 25% reduction in summer TP and smaller reductions in the downstream lakes. Water quality was more vulnerable to heavy rainfall events at higher amounts of P storage and less so at lower amounts. Increases in heavy precipitation are expected with climate change; therefore, water quality could be protected by decreasing P reserves. SN - 1435-0629 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0125-0 JO - Ecosystems ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Biodiversity and ecosystem services require IPBES to take novel approach to scenarios JF - Sustainability Science Y1 - 2016 A1 - Kok, Marcel T. J. A1 - Kok, Kasper A1 - Peterson, Garry D. A1 - Hill, Rosemary A1 - Agard, John A1 - Carpenter, Stephen R. AB - What does the future hold for the world’s ecosystems and benefits that people obtain from them? While the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has identified the development of scenarios as a key to helping decision makers identify potential impacts of different policy options, it currently lacks a long-term scenario strategy. IPBES will decide how it will approach scenarios at its plenary meeting on 22–28 February 2016, in Kuala Lumpur. IPBES now needs to decide whether it should create new scenarios that better explore ecosystem services and biodiversity dynamics. For IPBES to capture the social-ecological dynamics of biodiversity and ecosystem services, it is essential to engage with the great diversity of local contexts, while also including the global tele-coupling among local places. We present and compare three alternative scenario strategies that IPBES could use and then suggest a bottom-up, cross-scale scenario strategy to improve the policy relevance of future IPBES assessments. We propose five concrete steps as part of an effective, long term scenario development process for IPBES in cooperation with the scientific community. SN - 1862-4057 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0354-8 JO - Sustainability Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Creating a safe operating space for iconic ecosystems JF - Science Y1 - 2015 A1 - Scheffer, M. A1 - Barrett, S. A1 - Carpenter, S. R. A1 - Folke, C. A1 - Green, A. J. A1 - Holmgren, M. A1 - Hughes, T. P. A1 - Kosten, S. A1 - van de Leemput, I. A. A1 - Nepstad, D. C. A1 - van Nes, E. H. A1 - Peeters, E. T. H. M. A1 - Walker, B. VL - 347 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6228/1317.short IS - 6228 JO - Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet JF - Science Y1 - 2015 A1 - Steffen, Will A1 - Richardson, Katherine A1 - Rockström, Johan A1 - Cornell, Sarah E. A1 - Fetzer, Ingo A1 - Bennett, Elena M. A1 - Biggs, Reinette A1 - Carpenter, Stephen R. A1 - de Vries, Wim A1 - de Wit, Cynthia A. A1 - Folke, Carl A1 - Gerten, Dieter A1 - Heinke, Jens A1 - Mace, Georgina M. A1 - Persson, Linn M. A1 - Ramanathan, Veerabhadran A1 - Reyers, Belinda A1 - Sörlin, Sverker AB - The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed. VL - 347 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855.abstract IS - 6223 JO - Science ER - TY - JOUR T1 - What is the influence on water quality in temperate eutrophic lakes of a reduction of planktivorous and benthivorous fish? A systematic review protocol JF - Environmental Evidence Y1 - 2013 A1 - Bernes, C. A1 - Carpenter, S. R. A1 - Gardmark, A. A1 - Larsson, P. A1 - Persson, L. A1 - Skov, C. A1 - Van Donk, E. AB - BACKGROUND:In lakes that have become eutrophic due to sewage discharges or nutrient runoff from land, problems such as algal blooms and oxygen deficiency often persist even when nutrient supplies have been reduced. One reason is that phosphorus stored in the sediments can exchange with the water. There are indications that the high abundance of phytoplankton, turbid water and lack of submerged vegetation seen in many eutrophic lakes may represent a semi-stable state. For that reason, a shift back to more natural clear-water conditions could be difficult to achieve.In some cases, though, temporary mitigation of eutrophication-related problems has been accomplished through biomanipulation: stocks of zooplanktivorous fish have been reduced by intensive fishing, leading to increased populations of phytoplankton-feeding zooplankton. Moreover, reduction of benthivorous fish may result in lower phosphorus fluxes from the sediments. An alternative to reducing the dominance of planktivores and benthivores by fishing is to stock lakes with piscivorous fish. These two approaches have often been used in combination.The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive has recently led to more stringent demands for measures against eutrophication, and a systematic review could clarify whether biomanipulation is efficient as a measure of that kind.METHODS:The review will examine primary field studies of how large-scale biomanipulation has affected water quality and community structure in eutrophic lakes or reservoirs in temperate regions. Such studies can be based on comparison between conditions before and after manipulation, on comparison between treated and non-treated water bodies, or both. Relevant outcomes include Secchi depth, concentrations of oxygen, nutrients, suspended solids and chlorophyll, abundance and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, and coverage of submerged macrophytes. VL - 2 UR - http://www.environmentalevidencejournal.org/content/2/1/9 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events JF - Sustainability Y1 - 2012 A1 - Carpenter, S. R. A1 - Arrow, K. J. A1 - Barrett, S. A1 - Biggs, R. A1 - Brock, W. A. A1 - Crepin, A. S. A1 - Engstrom, G. A1 - Folke, C. A1 - Hughes, T. P. A1 - Kautsky, N. A1 - Li, C. Z. A1 - McCarney, G. A1 - Meng, K. A1 - Maler, K. G. A1 - Polasky, S. A1 - Scheffer, M. A1 - Shogren, J. A1 - Sterner, T. A1 - Vincent, J. R. A1 - Walker, B. A1 - Xepapadeas, A. A1 - de Zeeuw, A. AB - Resilience to specified kinds of disasters is an active area of research and practice. However, rare or unprecedented disturbances that are unusually intense or extensive require a more broad-spectrum type of resilience. General resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to adapt or transform in response to unfamiliar, unexpected and extreme shocks. Conditions that enable general resilience include diversity, modularity, openness, reserves, feedbacks, nestedness, monitoring, leadership, and trust. Processes for building general resilience are an emerging and crucially important area of research. VL - 4 SN - 2071-1050 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4123248 IS - 12 ER -