02551nas a2200265   4500008004100000020001400041245014100055210006900196260001600265300001100281490000800292520173200300653001602032653002302048653002802071653001002099653001002109100002102119700001502140700001202155700001302167700001602180700001802196856007102214       2020                        eng d  a0169-204600aEcological worldview, agricultural or natural resource-based activities, and geography affect perceived importance of ecosystem services0 aEcological worldview agricultural or natural resourcebased activ  c2020/05/01/  a1037680 v1973 aUnderstanding public perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for the development and communication of sustainable management and policies. Yet public perspectives on ES and their sociocultural and geographic patterns are not well understood. This study asks: Which ES are perceived as more or less important by the general public?; Which ES are considered most similar when the public are asked to evaluate the importance of specific water, agricultural and natural resources ES?; And, what individual and geographic factors are associated with perceived importance of different ES? We conducted a survey of residents in an urban and agricultural watershed in the U.S. Upper Midwest (n = 1136). This study asked respondents about a wider range of ES than is typical, and examines how ecological worldviews influence the perceived importance of ES. Respondents rated regional provision of drinking and surface water quality, clean lakes and rivers for wildlife, and a reliable supply of drinking and surface water most important. Those with a stronger ecological worldview tended to rate natural areas and processes as more important and agricultural products as less important than respondents with a more anthropocentric worldview. Perceived importance of various ES was also predicted by other individual-level factors relating to livelihood, outdoor recreation, and proximity to lakes, forests and agriculture. For example, respondents with livelihoods dependent on agriculture rated agricultural products and rural character highly. These findings bolster the case for more context-specific assessments of public importance ratings for environmental benefits to inform planning and management.10aagriculture10aecosystem services10aNew Ecological Paradigm10aUrban10aWater1 aWardropper, C.B.1 aMase, A.S.1 aQiu, J.1 aKohl, P.1 aBooth, E.G.1 aRissman, A.R.  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920461930586902390nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245011000055210006900165300001200234490000700246520170400253653002201957653002401979653002302003653002102026653002102047653001402068100001902082700002302101856004802124       2017                        eng d  a1573-146400aEffects of non-native Asian earthworm invasion on temperate forest and prairie soils in the Midwestern US0 aEffects of nonnative Asian earthworm invasion on temperate fores  a73 - 880 v193 aEffects of invasive European earthworms in North America have been well documented, but less is known about ecological consequences of exotic Asian earthworm invasion, in particular Asian jumping worms (Amynthas) that are increasingly reported. Most earthworm invasion research has focused on forests; some Amynthas spp. are native to Asian grasslands and may thrive in prairies with unknown effects. We conducted an earthworm-addition mesocosm experiment with before–after control-impact (BACI) design and a complementary field study in southern Wisconsin, USA, in 2014 to investigate effects of a newly discovered invasion of two Asian jumping worms (Amynthas agrestis and Amynthas tokioensis) on forest and prairie litter and soil nutrient pools. In both studies, A. agrestis and A. tokioensis substantially reduced surface litter (84–95 % decline in foliage litter mass) and increased total carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the upper 0–5 cm of soils over the 4-month period from July through October. Soil inorganic nitrogen (ammonium– and nitrate–N) concentration increased across soil depths of 0–25 cm, with greater effects on nitrate–N. Dissolved organic carbon concentration also increased, e.g., 71–108 % increase in the mesocosm experiment. Effects were observed in both forest and prairie soils, with stronger effects in forests. Effects were most pronounced late in the growing season when earthworm biomass likely peaked. Depletion of the litter layer and rapid mineralization of nutrients by non-native Asian jumping worms may make ecosystems more susceptible to nutrient losses, and effects may cascade to understory herbs and other soil biota.10aAmynthas agrestis10aAmynthas tokioensis10aAsian jumping worm10aEcosystem change10aNutrient cycling10aWisconsin1 aQiu, Jiangxiao1 aTurner, Monica, G.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1264-502199nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012700041210006900168260000900237490000700246520167500253100002501928700002401953700003001977856004602007       2017                        eng d00aEffects of Root Distribution and Root Water Compensation on Simulated Water Use in Maize Influenced by Shallow Groundwater0 aEffects of Root Distribution and Root Water Compensation on Simu  c20170 v163 aWe investigated the potential impacts of shallow groundwater, root length density (RLD) distribution, and root water compensation on transpiration and net primary productivity (NPP). An agroecosystem model (AgroIBIS-VSF) that is capable of simulating variably saturated water flow was driven with hourly weather observations in southern Wisconsin over 27 yr for various RLD distributions across a continuum of groundwater depth. The results indicated that the strength of the relationship between groundwater depth and water use in the critical water table depth zone is controlled by the root structure and root water uptake (RWU) strategy. In this zone, transpiration is progressively more sensitive to the groundwater level as roots become shallower. The impact of drought on corn (Zea mays L.) lessens and corn becomes less reliant on compensated RWU capabilities as roots extend deeper. Simulations indicated that the use of the compensated RWU approach results in NPP increases of 38.1 (3.81%), 30.8 (2.74%), and 6.4 (0.55%) g C m-2 yr-1 during the driest years (i.e., when growing season precipitation is below the 30th percentile of the long-term observations) for shallow, intermediate, and deep RLDs, respectively. Moreover, shallow groundwater supported RWU, and corn with a shallow RLD benefited the most from shallow groundwater, with an increase in annual transpiration of 230 mm. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating compensatory RWU and selecting an appropriate and representative RLD for contrasting vegetation types in ecosystem models to simulate a more realistic plant response to variable climate and groundwater depth conditions.1 aSoylu, Mehmet, Evren1 aLoheide, Steven, P.1 aKucharik, Christopher, J.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2017.06.011801829nas a2200145   4500008004100000020001400041245008000055210006900135300001400204520134800218100002701566700002001593700003001613856004001643       2017                        eng d  a1939-559000aExtreme precipitation and phosphorus loads from two agricultural watersheds0 aExtreme precipitation and phosphorus loads from two agricultural  an/a - n/a3 aPhosphorus runoff from agricultural land is a major cause of eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs. Frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are increasing in agricultural regions of the Upper Midwestern U.S., and these increases are projected to continue as climate warms. We quantified the linkage between extreme daily precipitation and extreme daily discharge, phosphorus (P) load, and P concentration for Pheasant Branch and the Yahara River, two tributaries of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, U.S.A. using the generalized Pareto distribution. Although precipitation extremes have increased since 1940, over the shorter period of stream monitoring (1994–2015 for Pheasant Branch and 1991–2015 for Yahara) there is no significant trend in extreme precipitation. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of extreme precipitation events (for example seven of the 11 largest 24-h events since 1901) occurred during the period of stream monitoring. Daily precipitation extremes were associated with extremes in daily discharge and P load. P load return levels increased steeply and almost linearly with precipitation on log-log axes. The trend toward more frequent and intense precipitation extremes will increase P loading and intensify the eutrophication of the lake, unless the excessive P enrichment of the watershed is reversed.1 aCarpenter, Stephen, R.1 aBooth, Eric, G.1 aKucharik, Christopher, J.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.1076701983nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245008300055210006900138260001500207300000800222520131800230653002401548653000901572653002001581653001801601100002601619700001901645700002901664700002401693856004801717       2014                        eng d  a1015-162100aExtreme daily loads: role in annual phosphorus input to a north temperate lake0 aExtreme daily loads role in annual phosphorus input to a north t  c2014/08/02  a1-93 aChanges in fertilizer use, manure management or precipitation may alter the frequency of episodes of high nutrient runoff and thereby affect annual nutrient loads and total nutrient concentrations of lakes. We developed an empirical, stochastic model for daily P loads and used the model to project annual P loads and summer total P concentrations in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA. Daily P loads (8,250 daily observations) were fit closely by a three-part gamma distribution composed of days with low, intermediate, and high P loads. High P load days happen when heavy rains or snowmelt occur on soil with abundant P, often as a result of manure or inorganic fertilizer application. In Lake Mendota, on average 29 days per year accounted for 74 % of the annual load. Simulations showed that median annual P loads increased linearly with the frequency of high P load days. However, the upper quantiles of the annual P load distribution increased more steeply than the median. Increases in the number of high P load days per year also increased summer concentrations of P in the lake. Thus increases in the frequency of high P load days due to larger precipitation events or increased application of fertilizers and manure may worsen widespread problems caused by P pollution of lakes in this agricultural watershed.10aDaily load extremes10aLake10aPhosphorus load10aWater quality1 aCarpenter, Stephen, R1 aBooth, Eric, G1 aKucharik, Christopher, J1 aLathrop, Richard, C  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-014-0364-502205nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245008000055210006900135260000900204300001100213490000600224520168100230100002501911700002201936700002601958856005101984       2012                        eng d  a1748-932600aEmbodied phosphorus and the global connections of United States agriculture0 aEmbodied phosphorus and the global connections of United States   c2012  a0440240 v73 aAgricultural phosphorus (P) use is intricately linked to food security and water quality.Globalization of agricultural systems and changing diets clearly alter these relationships, yettheir specific influence on non-renewable P reserves is less certain. We assessed P fertilizer usedfor production of food crops, livestock and biofuels in the US agricultural system, explicitlycomparing the domestic P use required for US food consumption to the P use embodied in theproduction of US food imports and exports. By far the largest demand for P fertilizer throughout theUS agricultural system was for feed and livestock production (56% of total P fertilizer use,including that for traded commodities). As little as 8% of the total mineral P inputs to US domesticagriculture in 2007 (1905 Gg P) was consumed in US diets in the same year, while larger fractionsmay have been retained in agricultural soils (28%), associated with different post-harvest losses(40%) or with biofuel refining (10%). One quarter of all P fertilizer used in the US was linked toexport production, primarily crops, driving a large net P flux out of the country (338 Gg P).However, US meat consumption relied considerably on P fertilizer use in other countries to producered meat imports. Changes in domestic farm management and consumer waste could together reduce the Pfertilizer required for US food consumption by half, which is comparable to the P fertilizerreduction attainable by cutting domestic meat consumption (44%). US export-oriented agriculture,domestic post-harvest P losses and global demand for meat may ultimately have an important influenceon the lifespan of US phosphate rock reserves.1 aMacDonald, Graham, K1 aBennett, Elena, M1 aCarpenter, Stephen, R  uhttp://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/7/i=4/a=044024