03248nas a2200217   4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260001500233300001400248520249800262653002002760653002302780653002202803653001702825653002202842100002102864700002302885700003002908700002302938856006902961       2019                        eng d00aScale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer0 aScaledependent interactions between tree canopy cover and imperv  c2019/03/20  a2018175613 aCities worldwide are experiencing record-breaking summer air temperatures, with serious consequences for people. Increased tree cover is suggested as a climate adaptation strategy, but the amount of tree canopy cover needed to counteract higher temperatures associated with impervious surface cover is not known. We used a bicycle-mounted measurement system to quantify the interaction of canopy cover and impervious surface cover on urban air temperature. Daytime air temperature was substantially reduced with greater canopy cover (≥40%) at the scale of a typical city block (60–90 m), especially on the hottest days. However, reducing impervious surfaces remained important for lowering nighttime temperatures. Results can guide strategies for increasing tree cover to mitigate daytime urban heat and improve residents’ well-being.As cities warm and the need for climate adaptation strategies increases, a more detailed understanding of the cooling effects of land cover across a continuum of spatial scales will be necessary to guide management decisions. We asked how tree canopy cover and impervious surface cover interact to influence daytime and nighttime summer air temperature, and how effects vary with the spatial scale at which land-cover data are analyzed (10-, 30-, 60-, and 90-m radii). A bicycle-mounted measurement system was used to sample air temperature every 5 m along 10 transects (∼7 km length, sampled 3–12 times each) spanning a range of impervious and tree canopy cover (0–100%, each) in a midsized city in the Upper Midwest United States. Variability in daytime air temperature within the urban landscape averaged 3.5 °C (range, 1.1–5.7 °C). Temperature decreased nonlinearly with increasing canopy cover, with the greatest cooling when canopy cover exceeded 40%. The magnitude of daytime cooling also increased with spatial scale and was greatest at the size of a typical city block (60–90 m). Daytime air temperature increased linearly with increasing impervious cover, but the magnitude of warming was less than the cooling associated with increased canopy cover. Variation in nighttime air temperature averaged 2.1 °C (range, 1.2–3.0 °C), and temperature increased with impervious surface. Effects of canopy were limited at night; thus, reduction of impervious surfaces remains critical for reducing nighttime urban heat. Results suggest strategies for managing urban land-cover patterns to enhance resilience of cities to climate warming.10aair temperature10aecosystem services10alandscape context10aurban forest10aurban heat island1 aZiter, Carly, D.1 aPedersen, Eric, J.1 aKucharik, Christopher, J.1 aTurner, Monica, G.  uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/03/19/1817561116.abstract02495nas a2200253   4500008004100000020001400041245009100055210006900146260001100215300001100226520172200237100001901959700001301978700002001991700002702011700001802038700002302056700002402079700002202103700001702125700002102142700003002163856004802193       2017                        eng d  a1435-062900aThe Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed0 aInfluence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agri  c2017//  a1 - 153 aDecades of fertilizer and manure applications have led to a buildup of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils and sediments, commonly referred to as legacy P. Legacy P can provide a long-term source of P to surface waters where it causes eutrophication. Using a suite of numerical models, we investigated the influence of legacy P on water quality in the Yahara Watershed of southern Wisconsin, USA. The suite included Agro-IBIS, a terrestrial ecosystem model; THMB, a hydrologic and nutrient routing model; and the Yahara Water Quality Model which estimates water quality indicators in the Yahara chain of lakes. Using five alternative scenarios of antecedent P storage (legacy P) in soils and channels under historical climate conditions, we simulated outcomes of P yield from the landscape, lake P loading, and three lake water quality indicators. Legacy P had a significant effect on lake loads and water quality. Across the five scenarios for Lake Mendota, the largest and most upstream lake, average P yield (kg ha−1) varied by −41 to +22%, P load (kg y−1) by −35 to +14%, summer total P (TP) concentration (mg l−1) by −25 to +12%, Secchi depth (m) by −7 to +3%, and the probability of hypereutrophy by −67 to +34%, relative to baseline conditions. The minimum storage scenario showed that a 35% reduction in present-day loads to Lake Mendota corresponded with a 25% reduction in summer TP and smaller reductions in the downstream lakes. Water quality was more vulnerable to heavy rainfall events at higher amounts of P storage and less so at lower amounts. Increases in heavy precipitation are expected with climate change; therefore, water quality could be protected by decreasing P reserves.1 aMotew, Melissa1 aChen, Xi1 aBooth, Eric, G.1 aCarpenter, Stephen, R.1 aPinkas, Pavel1 aZipper, Samuel, C.1 aLoheide, Steven, P.1 aDonner, Simon, D.1 aTsuruta, Kai1 aVadas, Peter, A.1 aKucharik, Christopher, J.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0125-001800nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245009000055210006900145260000900214300001000223520120000233100002301433700001601456700002401472700001901496700001601515700002701531856004801558       2016                        eng d  a1862-405700aBiodiversity and ecosystem services require IPBES to take novel approach to scenarios0 aBiodiversity and ecosystem services require IPBES to take novel   c2016  a1 - 53 aWhat does the future hold for the world’s ecosystems and benefits that people obtain from them? While the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has identified the development of scenarios as a key to helping decision makers identify potential impacts of different policy options, it currently lacks a long-term scenario strategy. IPBES will decide how it will approach scenarios at its plenary meeting on 22–28 February 2016, in Kuala Lumpur. IPBES now needs to decide whether it should create new scenarios that better explore ecosystem services and biodiversity dynamics. For IPBES to capture the social-ecological dynamics of biodiversity and ecosystem services, it is essential to engage with the great diversity of local contexts, while also including the global tele-coupling among local places. We present and compare three alternative scenario strategies that IPBES could use and then suggest a bottom-up, cross-scale scenario strategy to improve the policy relevance of future IPBES assessments. We propose five concrete steps as part of an effective, long term scenario development process for IPBES in cooperation with the scientific community.1 aKok, Marcel, T. J.1 aKok, Kasper1 aPeterson, Garry, D.1 aHill, Rosemary1 aAgard, John1 aCarpenter, Stephen, R.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0354-800766nas a2200265   4500008004100000245005800041210005800099260001500157300001600172490000800188100001700196700001600213700002200229700001400251700001800265700001700283700001900300700001500319700002700334700002000361700002000381700002600401700001500427856005800442       2015                        eng d00aCreating a safe operating space for iconic ecosystems0 aCreating a safe operating space for iconic ecosystems  c2015/03/20  a1317 - 13190 v3471 aScheffer, M.1 aBarrett, S.1 aCarpenter, S., R.1 aFolke, C.1 aGreen, A., J.1 aHolmgren, M.1 aHughes, T., P.1 aKosten, S.1 avan de Leemput, I., A.1 aNepstad, D., C.1 avan Nes, E., H.1 aPeeters, E., T. H. M.1 aWalker, B.  uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6228/1317.short01818nas a2200325   4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260001500183490000800198520083700206100001801043700002601061700002201087700002301109700001701132700002301149700002001172700002701192700001801219700002401237700001601261700001901277700001701296700002301313700002201336700002901358700002001387700002101407856006401428       2015                        eng d00aPlanetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet0 aPlanetary boundaries Guiding human development on a changing pla  c2015/02/130 v3473 aThe planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.1 aSteffen, Will1 aRichardson, Katherine1 aRockström, Johan1 aCornell, Sarah, E.1 aFetzer, Ingo1 aBennett, Elena, M.1 aBiggs, Reinette1 aCarpenter, Stephen, R.1 ade Vries, Wim1 ade Wit, Cynthia, A.1 aFolke, Carl1 aGerten, Dieter1 aHeinke, Jens1 aMace, Georgina, M.1 aPersson, Linn, M.1 aRamanathan, Veerabhadran1 aReyers, Belinda1 aSörlin, Sverker  uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855.abstract02563nas a2200181   4500008004100000245015600041210006900197490000600266520193100272100001502203700002202218700001702240700001602257700001602273700001302289700001702302856006202319       2013                        eng d00aWhat is the influence on water quality in temperate eutrophic lakes of a reduction of planktivorous and benthivorous fish? A systematic review protocol0 aWhat is the influence on water quality in temperate eutrophic la0 v23 aBACKGROUND:In lakes that have become eutrophic due to sewage discharges or nutrient runoff from land, problems such as algal blooms and oxygen deficiency often persist even when nutrient supplies have been reduced. One reason is that phosphorus stored in the sediments can exchange with the water. There are indications that the high abundance of phytoplankton, turbid water and lack of submerged vegetation seen in many eutrophic lakes may represent a semi-stable state. For that reason, a shift back to more natural clear-water conditions could be difficult to achieve.In some cases, though, temporary mitigation of eutrophication-related problems has been accomplished through biomanipulation: stocks of zooplanktivorous fish have been reduced by intensive fishing, leading to increased populations of phytoplankton-feeding zooplankton. Moreover, reduction of benthivorous fish may result in lower phosphorus fluxes from the sediments. An alternative to reducing the dominance of planktivores and benthivores by fishing is to stock lakes with piscivorous fish. These two approaches have often been used in combination.The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive has recently led to more stringent demands for measures against eutrophication, and a systematic review could clarify whether biomanipulation is efficient as a measure of that kind.METHODS:The review will examine primary field studies of how large-scale biomanipulation has affected water quality and community structure in eutrophic lakes or reservoirs in temperate regions. Such studies can be based on comparison between conditions before and after manipulation, on comparison between treated and non-treated water bodies, or both. Relevant outcomes include Secchi depth, concentrations of oxygen, nutrients, suspended solids and chlorophyll, abundance and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, and coverage of submerged macrophytes.1 aBernes, C.1 aCarpenter, S., R.1 aGardmark, A.1 aLarsson, P.1 aPersson, L.1 aSkov, C.1 aVan Donk, E.  uhttp://www.environmentalevidencejournal.org/content/2/1/901595nas a2200385   4500008004100000020001400041245005100055210005100106300001400157490000600171520062000177100002200797700001800819700001600837700001400853700001800867700001900885700001700904700001400921700001900935700001600954700001500970700001700985700001301002700001801015700001601033700001701049700001601066700001601082700002001098700001501118700001901133700001701152856004001169       2012                        eng d  a2071-105000aGeneral Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events0 aGeneral Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events  a3248-32590 v43 aResilience to specified kinds of disasters is an active area of research and practice. However, rare or unprecedented disturbances that are unusually intense or extensive require a more broad-spectrum type of resilience. General resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to adapt or transform in response to unfamiliar, unexpected and extreme shocks. Conditions that enable general resilience include diversity, modularity, openness, reserves, feedbacks, nestedness, monitoring, leadership, and trust. Processes for building general resilience are an emerging and crucially important area of research.1 aCarpenter, S., R.1 aArrow, K., J.1 aBarrett, S.1 aBiggs, R.1 aBrock, W., A.1 aCrepin, A., S.1 aEngstrom, G.1 aFolke, C.1 aHughes, T., P.1 aKautsky, N.1 aLi, C., Z.1 aMcCarney, G.1 aMeng, K.1 aMaler, K., G.1 aPolasky, S.1 aScheffer, M.1 aShogren, J.1 aSterner, T.1 aVincent, J., R.1 aWalker, B.1 aXepapadeas, A.1 ade Zeeuw, A.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4123248