@article {168,
	title = {Public access to spatial data on private-land conservation},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017},
	abstract = {Information is critical for environmental governance. The rise of digital mapping has the potential to advance private-land conservation by assisting with conservation planning, monitoring, evaluation, and accountability. However, privacy concerns from private landowners and the capacity of conservation entities can influence efforts to track spatial data. We examine public access to geospatial data on conserved private lands and the reasons data are available or unavailable. We conduct a qualitative comparative case study based on analysis of maps, documents, and interviews. We compare four conservation programs involving different conservation tools: conservation easements (the growing but incomplete National Conservation Easement Database), regulatory mitigation (gaps in tracking U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\&$\#$8217;s endangered species habitat mitigation), contract payments (lack of spatial data on U.S. Department of Agriculture\&$\#$8217;s Conservation Reserve Program due to Farm Bill restrictions), and property-tax incentives (online mapping of Wisconsin\&$\#$8217;s managed forest tax program). These cases illuminate the capacity and privacy reasons for current incomplete or inaccessible spatial data and the politics of mapping private land. If geospatial data are to contribute fully to planning, evaluation, and accountability, we recommend improving information system capacity, enhancing learning networks, and reducing legal and administrative barriers to information access, while balancing the right to information and the right to privacy.},
	keywords = {conservation easements, cost share, Environmental governance, Geographic Information Systems, land trusts, privacy, private-land conservation, tax incentive, transparency},
	doi = {10.5751/ES-09330-220224},
	url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol22/iss2/art24/},
	author = {Rissman, Adena R. and Owley, Jessica and L{\textquoteright}Roe, Andrew W. and Morris, Amy Wilson and Wardropper, Chloe B.}
}
@article {173,
	title = {Public support for carrot, stick, and no-government water quality policies},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017/10//},
	pages = {82 - 89},
	abstract = {Public support for environmental policy provides an important foundation for democratic governance. Numerous policy innovations may improve nonpoint source pollution, but little research has examined which types of individuals are likely to support various runoff reduction policies. We conducted a household mail survey of 1136 residents in southern Wisconsin. In general, residents were more likely to support water quality policies if they were communitarians, egalitarians, concerned about water pollution, and perceived water quality as poor. The majority of respondents somewhat to strongly supported all of the seven proposed water quality policies, but opposed relying on voluntary action without government involvement on farms. Residents had higher support for incentives and market-based approaches (carrot policies) than regulation and taxes (stick policies). A more complicated pattern emerged in within-subject comparisons of residents{\textquoteright} views of carrot and stick approaches. Stick approaches polarized respondents by decreasing support among people with individualistic worldviews, while slightly increasing support among people with communitarian worldviews. Residents with an agricultural occupation were more likely to support voluntary, non-governmental approaches for reducing agricultural runoff, and were also more likely to support regulation for reducing urban lawn runoff. This research highlights the dominant role of cultural worldviews and the secondary roles of water pollution concern, perceived water quality, and self-interest in explaining support for diverse policies to reduce nonpoint source pollution.},
	keywords = {Cultural cognition, Environmental policy, Nonpoint source pollution, Policy support, Public preferences, Water quality policy},
	isbn = {1462-9011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901116307407},
	author = {Rissman, Adena R. and Kohl, Patrice A. and Wardropper, Chloe B.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {347},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015/02/13},
	abstract = {The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries{\textemdash}climate change and biosphere integrity{\textemdash}have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1259855},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855.abstract},
	author = {Steffen, Will and Richardson, Katherine and Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan and Cornell, Sarah E. and Fetzer, Ingo and Bennett, Elena M. and Biggs, Reinette and Carpenter, Stephen R. and de Vries, Wim and de Wit, Cynthia A. and Folke, Carl and Gerten, Dieter and Heinke, Jens and Mace, Georgina M. and Persson, Linn M. and Ramanathan, Veerabhadran and Reyers, Belinda and S{\"o}rlin, Sverker}
}
@article {100,
	title = {Plausible futures of a social-ecological system: Yahara watershed, Wisconsin, USA},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	abstract = {Agricultural watersheds are affected by changes in climate, land use, agricultural practices, and human demand for energy, food, and water resources. In this context, we analyzed the agricultural, urbanizing Yahara watershed (size: 1345 km\&$\#$178;, population: 372,000) to assess its responses to multiple changing drivers. We measured recent trends in land use/cover and water quality of the watershed, spatial patterns of 10 ecosystem services, and spatial patterns and nestedness of governance. We developed scenarios for the future of the Yahara watershed by integrating trends and events from the global scenarios literature, perspectives of stakeholders, and models of biophysical drivers and ecosystem services. Four qualitative scenarios were created to explore plausible trajectories to the year 2070 in the watershed\&$\#$8217;s social-ecological system under different regimes: no action on environmental trends, accelerated technological development, strong intervention by government, and shifting values toward sustainability. Quantitative time-series for 2010\&$\#$8211;2070 were developed for weather and land use/cover during each scenario as inputs to model changes in ecosystem services. Ultimately, our goal is to understand how changes in the social-ecological system of the Yahara watershed, including management of land and water resources, can build or impair resilience to shifting drivers, including climate.},
	keywords = {alternative futures, climate, ecosystem services, eutrophication, governance, lakes, land-use change, phosphorus, scenarios},
	doi = {10.5751/ES-07433-200210},
	url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol20/iss2/art10/},
	author = {Carpenter, Stephen R. and Booth, Eric G. and Gillon, Sean and Kucharik, Christopher J. and Loheide, Steven and Mase, Amber S. and Motew, Melissa and Qiu, Jiangxiao and Rissman, Adena R. and Seifert, Jenny and Soylu, Evren and Turner, Monica and Wardropper, Chloe B.}
}
@article {102,
	title = {Progress on Nonpoint Pollution: Barriers \& Opportunities},
	journal = {Daedalus},
	volume = {144},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Nonpoint source pollution is the runoff of pollutants (including soil and nutrients) from agricultural, urban, and other lands (as opposed to point-source pollution, which comes directly from one outlet). Many efforts have been made to combat both types of pollution, so why are we making so little progress in improving water quality by reducing runoff of soil and nutrients into lakes and rivers? This essay examines the challenges inherent in: 1) producing science to predict and assess nonpoint management and policy effectiveness; and 2) using science for management and policy-making. Barriers to demonstrating causality include few experimental designs, different spatial scales for behaviors and measured outcomes, and lags between when policies are enacted and when their effects are seen. Primary obstacles to using science as evidence in nonpoint policy include disagreements about values and preferences, disputes over validity of assumptions, and institutional barriers to reconciling the supply and demand for science. We will illustrate some of these challenges and present possible solutions using examples from the Yahara Watershed in Wisconsin. Overcoming the barriers to nonpoint-pollution prevention may require policy-makers to gain a better understanding of existing scientific knowledge and act to protect public values in the face of remaining scientific uncertainty.},
	url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/daed},
	author = {Rissman, Adena R. and Carpenter, Stephen R.}
}
@article {69,
	title = {Phosphorus loading, transport and concentrations in a lake chain: a probabilistic model to compare management options},
	journal = {Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {145-154},
	abstract = {Phosphorus (P) loading, exports and concentrations of the four lakes of the Yahara chain (Wisconsin, USA) were compared under four load-reduction plans using a model calibrated with 29-33 years of annual data. P mitigation goals must balance reductions in P concentrations in the four lakes and the export from the lake chain to downstream waters. Lake Mendota, the uppermost lake, is most responsive to P load reductions, and benefits diminish downstream. Nonetheless, the greatest reductions in export from the lake chain to downstream waters derive from P load reductions to lakes lower in the chain. The effective grazer Daphnia pulicaria causes large improvements in water quality. Management to maintain populations of D. pulicaria has substantial benefits that augment those from reductions in P loading. Model projections show high variability in water quality and exports under all load-reduction plans. This variability is driven by inter-annual variation in runoff. Thus lake managers and the public should expect ongoing year-to-year variability in water quality, even though P load mitigation will improve water quality on average. Because of high variability from year to year, ongoing monitoring is essential to assess the effects of management of this chain of lakes.},
	isbn = {1015-1621},
	doi = {10.1007/s00027-013-0324-5},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-013-0324-5},
	author = {Carpenter, S. R. and Lathrop, R. C.}
}
