@article {187,
	title = {Knowledge of majority scientific agreement on anthropogenic climate change predicts perceived global risk better than perceived personal risk},
	journal = {Journal of Risk Research},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Studies examining climate change risk perceptions rarely differentiate between personal and general risk perceptions. Researchers could come to conflicting conclusions about what variables are important in predicting people{\textquoteright}s perceptions of risk if they do not differentiate between perceptions of personal and general risk. In this study, we used data from a survey of residents in a Midwestern region of the United States to examine the relationship between two measures of knowledge and perceptions of the risk of climate change at personal and the global (i.e. general) levels. Knowledge of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change significantly predicted perceptions of both types of risks, but was more strongly related to greater risk perceptions at the global level. Knowledge of climate change{\textquoteright}s impact on regional flooding predicted greater climate change risk perception, and we did not find a difference in its association with risk perception at the global versus the personal level. Understanding how different types of knowledge influence people{\textquoteright}s perception of climate change risks can foster a better understanding of related decision-making processes and used to support more strategic public education and communication on climate change.},
	keywords = {anthropogenic climate change, comparative optimism, Knowledge, psychological distance, risk perception, scientific consensus},
	doi = {10.1080/13669877.2022.2028883},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/13669877.2022.2028883},
	author = {Kohl, Patrice and Wardropper, Chloe}
}
@article {186,
	title = {Ecological worldview, agricultural or natural resource-based activities, and geography affect perceived importance of ecosystem services},
	journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
	volume = {197},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020/05/01/},
	pages = {103768},
	abstract = {Understanding public perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for the development and communication of sustainable management and policies. Yet public perspectives on ES and their sociocultural and geographic patterns are not well understood. This study asks: Which ES are perceived as more or less important by the general public?; Which ES are considered most similar when the public are asked to evaluate the importance of specific water, agricultural and natural resources ES?; And, what individual and geographic factors are associated with perceived importance of different ES? We conducted a survey of residents in an urban and agricultural watershed in the U.S. Upper Midwest (n~=~1136). This study asked respondents about a wider range of ES than is typical, and examines how ecological worldviews influence the perceived importance of ES. Respondents rated regional provision of drinking and surface water quality, clean lakes and rivers for wildlife, and a reliable supply of drinking and surface water most important. Those with a stronger ecological worldview tended to rate natural areas and processes as more important and agricultural products as less important than respondents with a more anthropocentric worldview. Perceived importance of various ES was also predicted by other individual-level factors relating to livelihood, outdoor recreation, and proximity to lakes, forests and agriculture. For example, respondents with livelihoods dependent on agriculture rated agricultural products and rural character highly. These findings bolster the case for more context-specific assessments of public importance ratings for environmental benefits to inform planning and management.},
	keywords = {agriculture, ecosystem services, New Ecological Paradigm, Urban, Water},
	isbn = {0169-2046},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103768},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204619305869},
	author = {Wardropper, C.B. and Mase, A.S. and Qiu, J. and Kohl, P. and Booth, E.G. and Rissman, A.R.}
}
@article {183,
	title = {Adaptations to extreme storm events by conservation organizations},
	journal = {Climatic Change},
	volume = {152},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019/01/01},
	pages = {85 - 101},
	abstract = {Extreme precipitation events are associated with increased runoff of sediment and nutrients into surface waters, exacerbating water quality problems and creating challenges for soil and water managers. This change in the hydrologic cycle is expected to intensify under future climate change. Soil and water conservation professionals responsible for advising farmers and other land managers are on the front lines of adaptation to these climate change impacts. This study uses a survey of Soil and Water Conservation District staff (n = 260) in the United States Upper Midwest to better understand adaptation planning and implementation and the factors influencing adaptations by public organizations. In contrast to a typical planning-implementation gap finding, our respondents report a greater emphasis on some kinds of adaptation actions over planning. We find that the concerns of individual government employees about climate change have a greater association with adaptation planning strategies (e.g., planning document updates) compared to implemented adaptations on-the-ground (e.g., stream buffer~installation). Also, weather projections were being used in conjunction with both adaptation planning and implementation. This study contributes to efforts to open up the black box of adaptation decision-making in the public sector, revealing the important role of individual concerns and information use.},
	isbn = {1573-1480},
	doi = {10.1007/s10584-018-2342-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2342-8},
	author = {Wardropper, Chloe B. and Rissman, Adena R.}
}
@article {180,
	title = {Innovation in Outcomes-Based Water Quality Policy: A Case Study from the Yahara Watershed, Wisconsin, USA},
	journal = {Case Studies in the Environment},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018/01/01},
	abstract = {This case examines the risks and opportunities for stakeholders involved in an experimental water quality management program in Wisconsin, USA. This program pays for pounds of pollution reduced through soil conservation practices on farm fields and other high-runoff areas across the landscape{\textemdash}nonpoint sources of pollution{\textemdash}by redirecting funds from the sewerage plant and municipal point sources of pollution. Uncertain monitoring and modeling of pollution sources used for program payments and accountability create perceived and real risks to program participants and the environment, including the threat of regulatory enforcement, lost revenue, and failure to achieve environmental outcomes. On the other hand, in this case study, regulatory flexibility also opened a space for stakeholder dialog and programmatic cooperation that could lead to more adaptive and locally acceptable watershed pollution control in the future.},
	doi = {10.1525/cse.2018.001222},
	url = {http://cse.ucpress.edu/content/early/2018/08/20/cse.2018.001222.abstract},
	author = {Wardropper, Chloe and Gillon, Sean and Rissman, Adena}
}
@article {168,
	title = {Public access to spatial data on private-land conservation},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017},
	abstract = {Information is critical for environmental governance. The rise of digital mapping has the potential to advance private-land conservation by assisting with conservation planning, monitoring, evaluation, and accountability. However, privacy concerns from private landowners and the capacity of conservation entities can influence efforts to track spatial data. We examine public access to geospatial data on conserved private lands and the reasons data are available or unavailable. We conduct a qualitative comparative case study based on analysis of maps, documents, and interviews. We compare four conservation programs involving different conservation tools: conservation easements (the growing but incomplete National Conservation Easement Database), regulatory mitigation (gaps in tracking U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\&$\#$8217;s endangered species habitat mitigation), contract payments (lack of spatial data on U.S. Department of Agriculture\&$\#$8217;s Conservation Reserve Program due to Farm Bill restrictions), and property-tax incentives (online mapping of Wisconsin\&$\#$8217;s managed forest tax program). These cases illuminate the capacity and privacy reasons for current incomplete or inaccessible spatial data and the politics of mapping private land. If geospatial data are to contribute fully to planning, evaluation, and accountability, we recommend improving information system capacity, enhancing learning networks, and reducing legal and administrative barriers to information access, while balancing the right to information and the right to privacy.},
	keywords = {conservation easements, cost share, Environmental governance, Geographic Information Systems, land trusts, privacy, private-land conservation, tax incentive, transparency},
	doi = {10.5751/ES-09330-220224},
	url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol22/iss2/art24/},
	author = {Rissman, Adena R. and Owley, Jessica and L{\textquoteright}Roe, Andrew W. and Morris, Amy Wilson and Wardropper, Chloe B.}
}
@article {173,
	title = {Public support for carrot, stick, and no-government water quality policies},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017/10//},
	pages = {82 - 89},
	abstract = {Public support for environmental policy provides an important foundation for democratic governance. Numerous policy innovations may improve nonpoint source pollution, but little research has examined which types of individuals are likely to support various runoff reduction policies. We conducted a household mail survey of 1136 residents in southern Wisconsin. In general, residents were more likely to support water quality policies if they were communitarians, egalitarians, concerned about water pollution, and perceived water quality as poor. The majority of respondents somewhat to strongly supported all of the seven proposed water quality policies, but opposed relying on voluntary action without government involvement on farms. Residents had higher support for incentives and market-based approaches (carrot policies) than regulation and taxes (stick policies). A more complicated pattern emerged in within-subject comparisons of residents{\textquoteright} views of carrot and stick approaches. Stick approaches polarized respondents by decreasing support among people with individualistic worldviews, while slightly increasing support among people with communitarian worldviews. Residents with an agricultural occupation were more likely to support voluntary, non-governmental approaches for reducing agricultural runoff, and were also more likely to support regulation for reducing urban lawn runoff. This research highlights the dominant role of cultural worldviews and the secondary roles of water pollution concern, perceived water quality, and self-interest in explaining support for diverse policies to reduce nonpoint source pollution.},
	keywords = {Cultural cognition, Environmental policy, Nonpoint source pollution, Policy support, Public preferences, Water quality policy},
	isbn = {1462-9011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.012},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901116307407},
	author = {Rissman, Adena R. and Kohl, Patrice A. and Wardropper, Chloe B.}
}
@article {174,
	title = {Uncertain monitoring and modeling in a watershed nonpoint pollution program},
	journal = {Land Use Policy},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017/9//},
	pages = {690 - 701},
	abstract = {Performance-based programs governing land use rely on environmental measurement, prediction, and assessment. Yet complex, nonlinear social and environmental change can lead to uncertainties in quantification and forecasting and create challenges for operationalizing programs. This research examines the roles that environmental monitoring and modeling uncertainty play in experimental land and water governance through an analysis of a regulatory water quality program in Wisconsin, USA. The case demonstrates how uncertainties in measurement and prediction of pollution runoff shape program design and participant perceptions. We draw on interviews, a survey, participant observation, and policy document analysis to illustrate how regulators and participants (including municipalities, sewerage treatment plants, farmers and nonprofit organizations) perceive and react to uncertainty. Because current and future water quality data are based largely on model estimates, but regulatory compliance will likely be based on measured in-stream outcomes, participants must evaluate potential risks of involvement. Stakeholders have relied on partnership building and legal modifications such as extended compliance timelines to reduce the risks associated with uncertainty. Experimentation under uncertainty led to sustained stakeholder dialogue, and an iterative process of deciding how monitoring and modeling should be used to track and prove program progress.},
	keywords = {Adaptive governance, Experimental governance, Performance measurement, Regulation, Uncertainty, Water quality, Watershed collaboration},
	isbn = {0264-8377},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.016},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837716312042},
	author = {Wardropper, Chloe B. and Gillon, Sean and Rissman, Adena R.}
}
@article {126,
	title = {Alternative scenarios of bioenergy crop production in an agricultural landscape and implications for bird communities},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {42 - 54},
	abstract = {Increased demand and government mandates for bioenergy crops in the United States could require a large allocation of agricultural land to bioenergy feedstock production and substantially alter current landscape patterns. Incorporating bioenergy landscape design into land-use decision making could help maximize benefits and minimize trade-offs among alternative land uses. We developed spatially explicit landscape scenarios of increased bioenergy crop production in an 80-km radius agricultural landscape centered on a potential biomass-processing energy facility and evaluated the consequences of each scenario for bird communities. Our scenarios included conversion of existing annual row crops to perennial bioenergy grasslands and conversion of existing grasslands to annual bioenergy row crops. The scenarios explored combinations of four biomass crop types (three potential grassland crops along a gradient of plant diversity and one annual row crop [corn]), three land conversion percentages to bioenergy crops (10\%, 20\%, or 30\% of row crops or grasslands), and three spatial configurations of biomass crop fields (random, clustered near similar field types, or centered on the processing plant), yielding 36 scenarios. For each scenario, we predicted the impact on four bird community metrics: species richness, total bird density, species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) density, and SGCN hotspots (SGCN birds/ha >= 2). Bird community metrics consistently increased with conversion of row crops to bioenergy grasslands and consistently decreased with conversion of grasslands to bioenergy row crops. Spatial arrangement of bioenergy fields had strong effects on the bird community and in some cases was more influential than the amount converted to bioenergy crops. Clustering grasslands had a stronger positive influence on the bird community than locating grasslands near the central plant or at random. Expansion of bioenergy grasslands onto marginal agricultural lands will likely benefit grassland bird populations, and bioenergy landscapes could be designed to maximize biodiversity benefits while meeting targets for biomass production.},
	keywords = {bioenergy crops, grass biomass, grassland birds, land-use change, landscape scenarios, row-crop agriculture, species of greatest conservation need},
	isbn = {1939-5582},
	doi = {10.1890/14-1490},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1490},
	author = {Blank, Peter J. and Williams, Carol L. and Sample, David W. and Meehan, Timothy D. and Turner, Monica G.}
}
@article {159,
	title = {Historical foundations and future directions in macrosystems ecology},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	abstract = {Macrosystems ecology is an effort to understand ecological processes and interactions at the broadest spatial scales and has potential to help solve globally important social and ecological challenges. It is important to understand the intellectual legacies underpinning macrosystems ecology: How the subdiscipline fits within, builds upon, differs from and extends previous theories. We trace the rise of macrosystems ecology with respect to preceding theories and present a new hypothesis that integrates the multiple components of macrosystems theory. The spatio-temporal anthropogenic rescaling (STAR) hypothesis suggests that human activities are altering the scales of ecological processes, resulting in interactions at novel space{\textendash}time scale combinations that are diverse and predictable. We articulate four predictions about how human actions are {\textquotedblleft}expanding{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}shrinking{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}speeding up{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}slowing down{\textquotedblright} ecological processes and interactions, and thereby generating new scaling relationships for ecological patterns and processes. We provide examples of these rescaling processes and describe ecological consequences across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Rescaling depends in part on characteristics including connectivity, stability and heterogeneity. Our STAR hypothesis challenges traditional assumptions about how the spatial and temporal scales of processes and interactions operate in different types of ecosystems and provides a lens through which to understand macrosystem-scale environmental change.},
	keywords = {Hierarchy theory, landscape ecology, macrosystems ecology, space{\textendash}time, spatio-temporal},
	isbn = {1461-0248},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.12717},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12717},
	author = {Rose, Kevin C. and Graves, Rose A. and Hansen, Winslow D. and Harvey, Brian J. and Qiu, Jiangxiao and Wood, Stephen A. and Ziter, Carly and Turner, Monica G.}
}
@article {134,
	title = {Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016/03/21},
	abstract = {Despite growing recognition of the importance of ecosystem services and the economic and ecological harm caused by invasive species, linkages between invasions, changes in ecosystem functioning, and in turn, provisioning of ecosystem services remain poorly documented and poorly understood. We evaluate the economic impacts of an invasion that cascaded through a food web to cause substantial declines in water clarity, a valued ecosystem service. The predatory zooplankton, the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus), invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes in the 1980s and has subsequently undergone secondary spread to inland lakes, including Lake Mendota (Wisconsin), in 2009. In Lake Mendota, Bythotrephes has reached unparalleled densities compared with in other lakes, decreasing biomass of the grazer Daphnia pulicaria and causing a decline in water clarity of nearly 1 m. Time series modeling revealed that the loss in water clarity, valued at US$140 million (US$640 per household), could be reversed by a 71\% reduction in phosphorus loading. A phosphorus reduction of this magnitude is estimated to cost between US$86.5 million and US$163 million (US$430{\textendash}US$810 per household). Estimates of the economic effects of Great Lakes invasive species may increase considerably if cases of secondary invasions into inland lakes, such as Lake Mendota, are included. Furthermore, such extreme cases of economic damages call for increased investment in the prevention and control of invasive species to better maximize the economic benefits of such programs. Our results highlight the need to more fully incorporate ecosystem services into our analysis of invasive species impacts, management, and public policy.},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1600366113},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/03/16/1600366113.abstract},
	author = {Walsh, Jake R. and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Vander Zanden, M. Jake}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Local perspectives and global archetypes in scenario development},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	abstract = {Contrasting social-ecological scenarios can help stakeholders envision potential futures and navigate change and uncertainty. Scenario developers integrate stakeholder perceptions into storylines to increase scenario relevance and plausibility while relying on archetypes of change from scenario literature to enrich narratives. This research examines the contributions of local perspectives and global archetypes to scenario development through a case study of a regional scenario project, Yahara 2070, in Wisconsin, USA. Interviews with 50 Yahara watershed stakeholders and 5 members of the project{\textquoteright}s scenario development team were examined to compare themes from scenario archetypes with local perspectives on how change is expected to occur. We next examined how these two sources of inspiration for trajectories of change were used in the development of the Yahara 2070 scenarios. Both global archetypes and local stakeholders emphasized social values, market forces, and policy reform as influences in determining the future, which were reflected in Yahara 2070. However, stakeholders were less likely to mention institutional breakdown, an important theme from the global scenarios literature that was included in Yahara 2070. This research offers a new approach to analyzing similarities and differences between scenarios\&$\#$8217; narratives and local perspectives. Scenario development may involve tensions between the goals of reflecting stakeholder views and including narratives from the global scenarios literature that may be useful for  creating divergent model trajectories and addressing dramatic change into the future. To improve scenario development, scenario projects should document the development process in academic and nonacademic venues, explicitly highlighting sources and constraints in storyline development.},
	keywords = {scenario archetypes, scenario development, social and environmental change, stakeholder perspectives, watershed futures},
	doi = {10.5751/ES-08384-210212},
	url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol21/iss2/art12/},
	author = {Wardropper, Chloe B. and Gillon, Sean and Mase, Amber S. and McKinney, Emily A. and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Rissman, Adena R.}
}
@article {152,
	title = {Spatial fit between water quality policies and hydrologic ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural landscape},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016//},
	pages = {1 - 17},
	abstract = {Context
Sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services is critical for human wellbeing but challenged by land use for agriculture and urban development. Water policy and management strive to safeguard hydrologic services, yet implementation is often fragmented. Understanding the spatial fit between water polices and hydrologic services is needed to assess the spatial targeting of policy portfolios at landscape scales.
Objectives
We investigated spatial fit between 30 different public water policies and four hydrologic services (surface and groundwater quality, freshwater supply, and flood regulation) in the Yahara Watershed (Wisconsin, USA){\textemdash}a Midwestern landscape that typifies tensions between agriculture, urban development, and freshwater resources.
Methods
Spatial extent of water policy implementation was mapped, and indicators of hydrologic services were quantified for subwatersheds using empirical estimates and validated spatial models.
Results
We found a spatial misfit between the overall spatial implementation of water policy and regions of water quality concern, indicating a need for better targeting. Water quality policies can also be leveraged to protect other hydrologic services such as freshwater supply and flood regulation. Individual policy application areas varied substantially in their spatial congruence with each hydrologic service, indicating that not all services are protected by a single policy and highlighting the need for a broad spectrum of policies to sustain hydrologic services in diverse landscapes. We also identified where future policies could be targeted for improving hydrologic services.
Conclusions
Joint spatial analysis of policies and ecosystem services is effective for assessing spatial aspects of institutional fit, and provides a foundation for guiding future policy efforts.},
	keywords = {Flood regulation, Freshwater, Groundwater quality, Groundwater recharge, landscape ecology, Policy targeting, Spatial overlap, Surface-water quality, Wisconsin, Yahara Watershed},
	isbn = {1572-9761},
	doi = {10.1007/s10980-016-0428-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0428-0},
	author = {Qiu, Jiangxiao and Wardropper, Chloe B. and Rissman, Adena R. and Turner, Monica G.}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Creating a safe operating space for iconic ecosystems},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {347},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015/03/20},
	pages = {1317 - 1319},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaa3769},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6228/1317.short},
	author = {Scheffer, M. and Barrett, S. and Carpenter, S. R. and Folke, C. and Green, A. J. and Holmgren, M. and Hughes, T. P. and Kosten, S. and van de Leemput, I. A. and Nepstad, D. C. and van Nes, E. H. and Peeters, E. T. H. M. and Walker, B.}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Fragmented water quality governance: Constraints to spatial targeting for nutrient reduction in a Midwestern USA watershed},
	journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {64 - 75},
	abstract = {Spatially targeted interventions improve the effectiveness of environmental policy, but are challenged by implementation constraints and coordination among governments. Spatial targeting research rarely acknowledges the diversity of actors navigating complicated institutional dynamics to deploy environmental policy instruments. We mapped 35 nutrient reduction interventions by federal, state, county, and municipal governments and interviewed 15 policymakers and agency staff in Wisconsin{\textquoteright}s Yahara Watershed, USA to understand how multilevel governance impacts spatial targeting and implementation of water quality policy. Our Geographic Information System database showed that county governments implemented the most policies, while the state promulgated the most rules, with uneven application of policy interventions across the landscape. Spatial targeting differed between agricultural and non-agricultural policies and by type of tool (land acquisition, direct management, incentive, and regulation). We found a negative correlation between areas of policy intervention and phosphorus yield across government levels (p < 0.001), with the strongest negative correlations by implementing agency. Interviews revealed that for government agencies, spatial targeting is constrained by program and funding requirements and data limitations for soil and land use practices. In order to target the highest phosphorus yielding subwatersheds, governments will need to alter the spatial location of their efforts.},
	keywords = {Midwestern USA watershed, Multilevel governance, Spatial policy analysis, Surface water quality},
	isbn = {0169-2046},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.011},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204614003090},
	author = {Wardropper, Chloe B. and Chang, Chaoyi and Rissman, Adena R.}
}
@article {100,
	title = {Plausible futures of a social-ecological system: Yahara watershed, Wisconsin, USA},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	abstract = {Agricultural watersheds are affected by changes in climate, land use, agricultural practices, and human demand for energy, food, and water resources. In this context, we analyzed the agricultural, urbanizing Yahara watershed (size: 1345 km\&$\#$178;, population: 372,000) to assess its responses to multiple changing drivers. We measured recent trends in land use/cover and water quality of the watershed, spatial patterns of 10 ecosystem services, and spatial patterns and nestedness of governance. We developed scenarios for the future of the Yahara watershed by integrating trends and events from the global scenarios literature, perspectives of stakeholders, and models of biophysical drivers and ecosystem services. Four qualitative scenarios were created to explore plausible trajectories to the year 2070 in the watershed\&$\#$8217;s social-ecological system under different regimes: no action on environmental trends, accelerated technological development, strong intervention by government, and shifting values toward sustainability. Quantitative time-series for 2010\&$\#$8211;2070 were developed for weather and land use/cover during each scenario as inputs to model changes in ecosystem services. Ultimately, our goal is to understand how changes in the social-ecological system of the Yahara watershed, including management of land and water resources, can build or impair resilience to shifting drivers, including climate.},
	keywords = {alternative futures, climate, ecosystem services, eutrophication, governance, lakes, land-use change, phosphorus, scenarios},
	doi = {10.5751/ES-07433-200210},
	url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol20/iss2/art10/},
	author = {Carpenter, Stephen R. and Booth, Eric G. and Gillon, Sean and Kucharik, Christopher J. and Loheide, Steven and Mase, Amber S. and Motew, Melissa and Qiu, Jiangxiao and Rissman, Adena R. and Seifert, Jenny and Soylu, Evren and Turner, Monica and Wardropper, Chloe B.}
}
@article {68,
	title = {General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3248-3259},
	abstract = {Resilience to specified kinds of disasters is an active area of research and practice. However, rare or unprecedented disturbances that are unusually intense or extensive require a more broad-spectrum type of resilience. General resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to adapt or transform in response to unfamiliar, unexpected and extreme shocks. Conditions that enable general resilience include diversity, modularity, openness, reserves, feedbacks, nestedness, monitoring, leadership, and trust. Processes for building general resilience are an emerging and crucially important area of research.},
	isbn = {2071-1050},
	doi = {10.3390/su4123248},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4123248},
	author = {Carpenter, S. R. and Arrow, K. J. and Barrett, S. and Biggs, R. and Brock, W. A. and Crepin, A. S. and Engstrom, G. and Folke, C. and Hughes, T. P. and Kautsky, N. and Li, C. Z. and McCarney, G. and Meng, K. and Maler, K. G. and Polasky, S. and Scheffer, M. and Shogren, J. and Sterner, T. and Vincent, J. R. and Walker, B. and Xepapadeas, A. and de Zeeuw, A.}
}
